What is the primary factor that determines the scaling potential of water in a reverse osmosis system?

The primary factor that determines the scaling potential of water is the concentration of ions such as calcium and magnesium, which can precipitate out of solution and form scales on the membrane surface. This is related to the water's Langelier Saturation Index, which is a measure of the water's tendency to form scales.

Source: Water treatment engineering fundamentals

What cations have the potential to cause scaling when combined with sulfate ions, particularly when their concentration exceeds 100% saturation?

Double charged cations, such as calcium (Ca²⁺), can combine with double charged anions like sulfate (SO₄²⁻) to form insoluble salts, leading to scaling. This occurs when the concentration of these ions exceeds their solubility limit, typically above 100% saturation.

Source: Physical chemistry principles of aqueous systems

What is the primary factor that affects the pH of a water sample, and how does it relate to the concentration of hydrogen ions?

The primary factor that affects the pH of a water sample is the concentration of hydrogen ions, which is a measure of the water's acidity or basicity. According to the principles of aqueous chemistry, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, and it plays a crucial role in determining the water's chemical properties and behavior.

Source: Physical chemistry principles of aqueous systems

What is the primary factor that determines the scaling potential of water in a reverse osmosis system?

The primary factor that determines the scaling potential of water is the concentration of minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which can precipitate out of solution and form scale deposits on the membrane surface. This is related to the water's Langelier Saturation Index, which takes into account the pH, temperature, and concentrations of calcium and alkalinity.

Source: Water treatment engineering fundamentals